The term acquired brain injury “refers to an acute brain disease occurring in the postnatal period. The greater the period of alteration of consciousness, the more frequent is the risk of persisting severe residual disabilities. The patient with an acquired brain lesion presents a series of extremely complex problems of multifactorial origin that challenge knowledge, methods of medicine and structures of healthcare. In subjects with brain injuries, motor skills, language skills, nutrition, sphincter control, breathing, cognitive abilities, hearing and vision may be compromised. In children, neuropsychological growth and development in learning is interrupted and compromised. All these deficits interact with each other creating a pathological picture of greater severity than one might expect from the simple sum of the single components.